Author: Jim Mac Donald Date: 26 November 2021
Abstract
The scope of this report is in two parts. Part A is to summarize the existing research in the use of Apatite rock in Agriculture and its use as a base material for the manufacture of most Phosphate Fertilizers. Further development in the use of nano particles of Apatite and other elements have shown increased benefits in Agriculture. This report will also discuss the next evolution after nano materials which is the creation and use of Apatite Plasma and its uses and benefits in Agriculture. This will be covered in Part B of this report. The ideal fertilizer is a slow-release form that provides the nutrients during the entire growing season and not as a big hit all at once.
PART A
Introduction
Apatite is a rock mineral found in Granitoid rock formations in Australia. The primary use of Apatite is as a source of phosphate in the manufacture of fertilizers. Hydroxyapatite is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite. The major constituents of hydroxyapatite are Calcium and Phosphorous. The most common values are from 54 to 57 wt.% CaO (Calcium Oxide) and from 39 to 44 wt.% P2O5 (Phosphorous Pentoxide). Depending on the location, the trace elements can include Magnesium, Vanadium, Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, and others. (Belousova, et al., 2002)
Agriculture is the major user of mined phosphorus (P), accounting for 80–90% of the world demand for Phosphorous. In combination with Nitrogen and Potassium, Phosphorous forms the basis for the macro nutrients for plant growth, namely N P K. Generally, commercially available P fertilizers such as MAP (monoammonium phosphate, NH3H2PO4), DAP (diammonium phosphate, (NH3)2HPO4), or TSP (Triple Superphosphate, Ca(H2PO4)2) are water soluble phosphate salts, which are easily dissolved in the soil solution and available for plant uptake, and thus, are regarded as high-quality fertilizers. (Liu, & Lal, 2014).
These forms of fertilizers are essentially a blanket approach to provide the plants with the required nutrients. The nutrients are provided in a large dose, where the majority finds its way into the rivers and oceans. The nutrients ultimately used by the plants to grow is a small portion of what was originally provided. The concentration of soluble P in soil is usually very low, normally at levels of 1 ppm or less (10 M H2PO4 2). The cell might take up several P forms, but the greatest part is absorbed in the forms of HPO4 or H2PO4. (Rodrı́guez & Fraga, 1999).
The difference between the amount of fertilizer usage in soil and that of its uptake by plants leads to the loss of the fertilizer and environmental pollution—the most direct consequence is the decrease in the quality and yield of crops. (Zhang, et al., 2019)
The apatite rock itself can also be used directly in the soils as a fertilizer. The rock is crushed to a size like the grains of beach sand. This form of phosphor is not bioavailable to plants immediately and requires several years for the soil biology to break the rock dust down into a form that the plants can make use of. This approach takes a long-term view with the nutrients being made available on a sustained basis, with little to no run-off into the rivers and oceans.
Nano Particle Fertilizers
Research in using nano-sized particles of the nutrients is the latest development in providing nutrition for the plants while having the lowest impact from an environmental hazard point of view. The literature research shows that the nano-sized apatite had better mobility in soils than the regular granular apatite and thus more advantageous on delivering nutrient P to the crops’ root system. A 20-week-long greenhouse study indicated that nano hydroxyapatite, nHA application as a new type of P fertilizer increased rate of soybean growth, biomass productions, and the seed yield in an inert growing media compared to these under regular P treatment. This is the first report on synthesis and application of nHA as nano P fertilizer for increasing soybean yields. (Liu, & Lal, 2014).
Fig.2
Graph shows the increased height of plants using nano Apatite (nHA).
Source: (Liu, & Lal, 2014).
The definition of nano is a tiny, one-billionth, or a factor of ten to the minus 9 or 0.0000 000 001. A sheet of paper is about 100 000 nanometers thick. Interest in developing fertilizers using these very small products has surged over the last decade or so given the need for more efficient sources of nutrition and increased understanding of how particle behaviour changes on the nanoscale relative to larger solids of the same composition. (Liu and Lal, 2014).
In this regard, there is a growing interest in the use of nano materials for improving plant nutrition as an alternative to traditional chemical or mineral fertilizers. Using this technology, the efficiency of micro- and macronutrients in plants can increase. Various nano materials have been successfully applied in agricultural production, compared to conventional fertilizers. Among the major plant nutrients, phosphorus (P) is the least accessible since most farmlands are frequently P deficient. Hence, P use efficiency should be maximized to conserve the resource base and maintain agricultural productivity (Basavegowda, & Baek, 2021).
Nano particles of Hydroxyapatite are major mineral constituents and nano-enabled nutrient delivery systems with excellent biocompatibility, high surface area to volume ratio, and have the potential to deliver both Ca and P to plants.
The Table 2 below shows a summary of the research and benefits in using nano particles on agriculture.
Source: (Basavegowda, & Baek, 2021).
The current understanding of the way that nano particles are used by the plants is shown in Figure 3.
Fig 3: Graphical summary of how nano materials are absorbed by plants.
Source: (Pérez, 2017).
Summary
The literature review has shown several issues relating to using Phosphor fertilizer.
- The world has a limited supply of Phosphor resources in various rock formations around the world. Our increasing use and reliance of Phosphor based fertilizers to grow food will ultimately lead to our inability to feed the world when these resources are all used up.
- The overuse of fertilizers results in environmental degradation as the excess nutrients are washed into the rivers and oceans.
- The use of nano material fertilizers has shown great strides in increasing crop yields, while at the same time reducing the run-off of these fertilizers into our waterways. Cost seems to be an inhibiting factor in the widespread use of these materials.
- Nano materials and their unique properties and characteristics compared to the parent material is the doorway into which the Plasma Science understanding of our world can begin to be explored.
PART B
Apatite Plasma
Mehran Keshe of the Keshe Foundation has developed the Plasma Science and GANS Technology. (Keshe, 2011) The cornerstone of the technology is the use and understanding of nano technology and its applications in health, communication, agriculture, environment, and space travel. The creation of nanomaterials for agriculture and other applications has opened the scientific door for a deeper understanding of the atom as a plasma. This is not a new science, but rather an extension of the current scientific knowledge.
Fig.4 Particle size illustration.
As shown in Figure 4, moving from the large particle size to the micron and then nano size, the properties of the material changes while the composition of the material remains the same. Moving from the nano size and creating the GANS/Plasma state of the material again increases the characteristics and behaviour of the material. Understanding these new characteristics and how they can be used will open new frontiers in the understanding of plants and how we can create materials to feed them. The use of nanotechnology in fertilizers has shown its effectiveness in increasing the growth and yield of crops. This next step of using the Plasma state is where the future lies. Please read Appendix A for a detailed description of what we call a Plasma.
Nano Technology in Agriculture – Plasma Science.
Nano is essentially when an individual atom or molecule is separated from the parent structure and becomes a single entity of itself. It is now free and not bonded to any other atom or structure.
The magnetical and gravitational fields of this single atom/plasma or molecule are now free flowing. The fields are not constrained by the fields of the surrounding atoms as observed in the matter state.
Fig 5. An illustration of the magnetical and gravitational fields flowing out and flowing back in.
The magnetical and gravitational fields of the atom can now extend further away from the surface of the atom and now have a wider field of influence (Figure 5). The nano materials show and exhibit different properties when compared to the parent material, due to the extension of the fields. It is the properties of these fields which are interacting with the plants. These nano materials and their wider influence of magnetical and gravitational fields interact with the magnetical and gravitational fields of the plants. Using the nano of a material is a step closer to creating a bioavailable material that interacts directly with the plants.
Plants are in a GANS State
To understand how the magnetical and gravitational fields of any nano material can interact with the plants, requires a new understanding about plants and animals. All living entities, including plants are considered a plasma and not matter state. All living creatures are made up of the basic amino acid structures of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen which are also plasmas in a GANS state (Gas of a Nano Solid State). All the elements in various forms, create the physical structure of the plants. As every element in the plants is in a GANS state, or called a plasma, this means that the plant as a single entity is in a GANS state and has its own unique magnetical and gravitational fields collectively created from every element and cell within the plant (Figure 6).
Fig 6. Magnetical and Gravitational field flow around a plant.
The current scientific understanding is that the plants physically absorb the minerals in the soils. Therefore, the logical deduction is that if we create smaller particles, like nano materials, they can easily be absorbed by the plants allowing them to grow larger with higher yields. This is not the case.
The first fundamental understanding in plasma science regarding plants is that no physical matter is absorbed by the plants either by the roots or through the leaves. The actual process occurs through field transfer from one plasma to another. The magnetical and gravitational fields of the nano materials interacts with the magnetical and gravitational fields of the plants, like the interaction of two magnets. We get a field transfer across the walls of the roots and the surface of the leaves.
The second fundamental understanding needed is that all materials that are “bioavailable” to plants are in an oxide form. The element of copper has an oxygen attached creating the molecule of copper oxide CuO. All fertilizers used for agriculture need water for them to be effective. Applying fertilizers to the soil without any rain or irrigation of water will have no effect on the plants even if they are in direct physical contact. The addition of water allows the various elements to form the oxide equivalent, Calcium Oxide, Zinc Oxide, even Nitrogen Oxide and Carbon Dioxide. In the GANS state, Oxygen plays the role of a magnet, in the same way as Iron plays the role of a magnet in the matter state. In this way through the oxygen molecule of the CuO, it is attracted to the oxygen molecules within the plant. When they find a match and connect, we have the flow of magnetical and gravitational fields between the two. A transfer of energy from one plasma to another.
Plasma Science offers a deeper understanding of the plants and how they use the magnetical and gravitational fields to grow. The Keshe Foundation has conducted research around the world and on multiple varieties of crops. This work confirms these new concepts in agriculture.
Plasma and GANS Technology in Agriculture.
The Plasma & GANS Technology developed by the Keshe Foundation has developed a method to take the nano atoms and molecules a step further and create a GANS or Plasma state of the atom. This plasma state of the atom changes the coulomb barrier or magnetosphere of the atom allowing the entities to release even more magnetical and gravitational fields. The field of influence extends even further. The best way to visualize this process is to watch the making of popcorn. The atom is the corn and by changing the environment we allow the atom to pop, a larger version of itself. The atom now becomes visible to the naked eye and radiates magnetical and gravitational fields. It can be considered a mini sun continually giving and receiving magnetical and gravitational fields.
Fig 7. The field of influence increases as we move from the matter to GANS state.
The graph in Figure 7, illustrates the effects of increasing Magnetical and Gravitational Fields as we move from the matter state to the nano state and then to the GANS/ Plasma state. Example: Starting with a plate of copper, in the matter state, we create a nano or individual atom of the copper and from this we create the GANS/Plasma of the copper atom. The GANS of the copper is not a new material, it is still the original copper atom, but the environment has been changed to allow the fields to extend further. We can release more of the magnetical and gravitational fields from the copper atom. These fields are what interact with the plants.
Bioavailability of Minerals
In broad terms minerals can be classified into two camps, those that are bioavailable for plants (organic matter, minerals dissolved in water) and those that are not (minerals still bound in rocks). The current commercial fertilizers are minerals bound with different salts. Through rain or irrigated water, these fertilizers are dissolved in water and become bioavailable to the roots of plants. The nutrients form oxides in the presence of water and can transfer their magnetical and gravitational fields to the plants. The minerals that are dissolved in the water are in a nano state and through the water, they are also able to transfer their fields. The plants do not absorb the physical minerals from the soils. No physical matter crosses the surface boundary of the roots and the leaves of plants. The actual process is through energy transfer from the GANS of the mineral into the plant itself. It is the magnetical and gravitational fields of the minerals in a GANS and nano state that interact with the magnetical and gravitational fields of the plants, which are also in a GANS state, that allows the transfer of say the energy of Phosphor. Imagine the transfer of fields between two magnets, one inside the plant and one outside.
This process of creating bioavailable minerals also occurs naturally in healthy soils full of biological life. The rhizosphere zone around each root also creates the condition for the minerals to be converted into a bioavailable form. The rock minerals are slowly broken down through weathering, earthworm and insect activity which slowly breaks the rock minerals down into the micron and then nano size. Within the rhizosphere of the roots, these nano minerals are converted into a GANS state and the magnetical and gravitational fields can be used by the plants.
Plant organic matter in soils, such as the remaining plant root mass from crops as well as green manure crops that are allowed to decompose back into the soils are in a GANS state. The minerals in the decomposing plants can provide their energy through the magnetical and gravitational fields as they are in a GANS state. This energy is available to the new roots of plants newly planted into the soil.
The soil bacteria’s themselves, as they are in a GANS state, also have the ability to interact with the plants through their own magnetical and gravitational fields. This interaction of the fields works in both directions, the plants are also creating the fields which can transfer energy that are used by the soil biology. A symbiotic relationship develops between the bacteria and the roots of the plants. It is well known that a considerable number of bacterial species, mostly those associated with the plant rhizosphere, can exert a beneficial effect upon plant growth. Strains of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens have increased root and shoot elongation in canola, lettuce, and tomato as well as crop yields in potato, radishes, rice, sugar beet, tomato, lettuce, apple, citrus, beans, ornamental plants, and wheat. Wheat yield increased up to 30% with Azotobacter inoculation and up to 43% with Bacillus inoculants, and a 10–20% yield increase in the same crop was reported in field trials using a combination of Bacillus megaterium and Azotobacter Chroococcum. (Rodrı́guez & Fraga, 1999). These findings confirm the concept that the bacteria themselves, as they are in a GANS state, can transfer their magnetical and gravitational fields directly to the plants providing them the energy to grow.
Long-term agricultural management can influence soil phosphorus (P) fractions and bioavailability. Because P is an essential macronutrient limiting plant productivity in many ecosystems, agricultural production is heavily dependent on P fertilizers for crop yields. Phosphorus management in organic systems is especially challenging. Unlike nitrogen (N), which may be added to the soil through organic materials (e.g., manure, compost, etc.) or by incorporating N-fixing legumes into the crop rotation, there are less options available for P inputs under organic certification. (Fraser, et al., 2019). Rock phosphate (Apatite) and bone meal is one option for organic growers; however, it is not in a form that is readily available for plants. This is where the Apatite plasma shows its benefits. It is in a form that provides the magnetical and gravitational fields directly to the plants, is not in a salt-based form, only small amounts need to be used and provides the fields of Phosphor throughout the growing season.
Creating the GANS/Plasma of Apatite
Apatite in the form of rock phosphate is ground down to a fine powder form with an average size of 2 micron (Figure 8). One micron is one million of a meter, or 1 x 10 -6 (denoted µ). One thousand microns in a millimeter.
Fig 8. Rock size illustration. Source: (Subramanian, et al., 2008)
The Apatite powder is taken through a process whereby the nano structure of the powder is formed. This nano structure is then further processed to create the GANS/Plasma state of the Apatite.
This process mimics the natural process that occur in nature to transform the Apatite rock into a form that is bioavailable for the plants. In nature this may take several years, whereas we have developed a series of processes to transform the Apatite into a bioavailable material within days. This Apatite GANS material is like a mini-sun constantly radiating magnetical and gravitational fields. Once in the soil, this Apatite GANS provides its energies for the plants to use as and when they need throughout the growing life of the plants.
Conclusions
The development of Apatite Plasma and the Plasma Science understandings about plants provides a new insight into how we can create materials that can provide energy to plants and other animals.
- The nature of the Apatite Plasma means that farmers would need to use far less of this material to achieve the same production yields compared to the conventional forms of Phosphor.
- It can be applied as a foliar spray or applied directly into the soils through irrigation water.
- The plants can take what they need when they need it throughout the growth cycle.
- No additional salts are added to the soils.
- It is non-toxic to all life forms.
- Environmentally friendly as the Apatite material is incorporated into the soils with no excess run-off into the rivers and oceans.
- This method of creating bioavailable materials for plants will help farmers to regenerate their soils while at the same time maintain their production yields.
- The process to create the Apatite plasma mimics the natural process that takes place in our soils.
The Plasma Science opens new insights into the true workings of plants and can thus form the basis for revolutionary changes in how we grow food and regenerate our environment.
References
Belousova, Griffin, W., O’Reilly, S. Y., & Fisher, N. (2002). Apatite as an indicator mineral for mineral exploration: trace-element compositions and their relationship to host rock type. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 76(1), 45–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(02)00204-2
Basavegowda, & Baek, K.-H. (2021). Current and future perspectives on the use of nanofertilizers for sustainable agriculture: the case of phosphorus nanofertilizer. 3 Biotech, 11(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02907-4
Fraser, Lynch, D. H., O’Halloran, I. P., Voroney, R. P., Entz, M., & Dunfield, K. E. (2019). Soil phosphorus bioavailability as influenced by long-term management and applied phosphorus source. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 99(3), 292–304. https://doi.org/10.1139/CJSS-2018-0075
Keshe, M.T., (2011). The Origin of the Universe (2nd Edition), Stichting the Keshe Foundation, ISBN 978-94-6087-007-1
Liu, & Lal, R. (2014). Synthetic apatite nanoparticles as a phosphorus fertilizer for soybean (Glycine max). Scientific Reports, 4(1), 5686–. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05686
Pérez-de-Luque. (2017). Interaction of Nanomaterials with Plants: What Do We Need for Real Applications in Agriculture? Frontiers in Environmental Science, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2017.00012
Rodrı́guez, & Fraga, R. (1999). Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion. Biotechnology Advances, 17(4), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-9750(99)00014-2
Subramanian, Kathirvelu & D’Souza, L. & Alhaarathi, (2008). Overview of nanotechnology applications in textiles. Journal of the Textile Association. 69. 26-31. 10.17485/ijst/2008/v1i5/29361.
Zhang, Hu, C., He, Z.-Q., Abbas, Y., Li, Y., Lv, L.-F., Hao, X.-Y., Gai, G.-S., Huang, Z.-H., Yang, Y.-F., & Yun, S.-N. (2019). Microcrystalline Apatite Minerals: Mechanochemical Activation for Agricultural Application. Minerals (Basel), 9(4), 211–. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9040211
Appendix A
Source: An Introduction to Plasma Science and GANS Technology. https://www.amazon.com.au/Introduction-Plasma-Science-GANS-Technology-ebook/dp/B08SJVWRQ3/ref=pd_sim_1/355-3033762-9680865?pd_rd_w=1Bs8F&pf_rd_p=df92f199-77fe-4f07-b1d6-8163585d1bed&pf_rd_r=05ZAGQR7FY3WKEY42ZMC&pd_rd_r=740bb2ea-8a2e-4024-9e46-feafcf5beb86&pd_rd_wg=ZBpi8&pd_rd_i=B08SJVWRQ3&psc=1#customerReviews
A Deeper Understanding of the Atom as a Plasma.
The atom is composed of Magnetical and Gravitational fields and is called a Plasma.
To explain what a Plasma is, we start with the basics of magnets and the magnetic fields of different shaped magnets to illustrate the principles of a Plasma. The polarity of these magnets is manufactured to have a north pole and a south pole and introducing iron filings around these magnets shows the flow of the magnetic fields around the two poles.
These patterns produced by the iron filings arrange themselves along the magnetic fields coming from the two poles of the magnet. We cannot see these fields with our eyes, but we can see the effects of these fields using the iron filings. The gaps between these lines holds the gravitational fields flowing back into the magnet. This is where we deviate from current science thinking. The magnetic fields in the universe do not have the shape of the bar magnet. In the universe we only see round shapes such as atoms, planets, stars, solar systems, and galaxies. To understand the operation of these round shapes and the fields that they create, we must understand the interaction of the magnetic fields using ball magnets.
Each one of these small balls is a round magnet. It also has a north and south pole and is a better reflection of reality. Each ball is attracted or repelled from each other depending on the polarity. Together they can create any shape in the universe. The magnetic field flow around each ball is the same as the magnetic field flow around our planet. In the universe these balls are not sitting flat on some surface, they sit upright and are positioned freely in space. Each has its magnetic and gravitational field and rotates on its own axis. Some of the first visible images of an atom show the same round structure.
By understanding the micro, we can look at the macro. Our solar system is a larger representation of what is inside every atom. The whole creation is made, and is based on these little magnets or atoms, which rotate, and from them, we see magnetic fields.
Each little ball is a plasma with its own magnetical and gravitational fields and is attracted or repelled by other round magnets or plasmas. They are attracted to each other and in combination they can create any shape we see in the world today. What we see as a chair (metal), or a ball (plastic) is made of billions of these little balls that have come together to create what we see as our matter state. The billions of atoms joined together make up a piece of metal as illustrated below.
Each ball or plasma is rotating with magnetic fields flowing from the north and south poles. They remain connected and in position due to the interaction of the magnetic field’s attraction and repulsion. Each atom is tightly packed together which does not allow the free flow of the magnetical and gravitational fields from each atom. The collective gravitational fields are stronger than the magnetical fields.
By zooming into the atomic structure of the individual atoms, one would observe millions of these fields flowing out the top of the ball and spread out in all directions. These magnetic fields are looking for other fields that are equal to them, where they can find a match and be attracted to. When these fields join up, they stick to each other, just like a magnet.
In the picture above, we show the fields exiting the one atom/plasma, interacting, and entering the bottom of the next atom/plasma. This is the same process for the other atoms where the fields from the one atom interact and enter the bottom of the other atom. This is how they keep their distance from each other. They interact together even though they are not in direct contact with each other. There is no difference between an electron, proton, neutron, the sun, earth, and the universe. It is the same ball, we decided to put different names to each one according to their size. They all work and operate on the same principle of a round magnet or what we will now refer to as a plasma. The most important point to comprehend is that every atom, cell of our body, earth, solar system, and the universe is in the shape of a ball and its behaviour and operation is that of a plasma. Magnetic fields flowing from the top, fields flowing into the bottom and interacting with other magnetic fields from other plasmas. The whole understanding of life and the universe operates on this principle. This becomes your base foundation of knowledge to build upon.
“A Plasma is considered to be a collection, combination and interaction of plasmatic magnetic forces of matter magnetic fields, antimatter magnetic fields, dark matter magnetic fields and other magnetic field forces within a defined overall sphere of effectiveness.” The Universal Order of Creation – MT Keshe, p19.
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